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KISA NA MKASA

Historia ya Gaddafi

Kanali Muammar Gaddafi ni kiongozi aliyekaa madarakani kwa muda mrefu zaidi barani Afrika na katika nchi za Kiarabu.

Gaddafi alipokuwa akizuru Senegal mwaka 1985

Ameongoza Libya tangu alipompindua Mfalme Idris I, katika mapinduzi yasiyo ya kumwaga damu, wakati huo akiwa na umri wa miaka 27.
Maarufu kwa nguo anazopenda kuvaa, na walinzi wa kike wenye kubeba silaha, kiongozi huyo wa Libya pia anadhaniwa kuwa na mbinu nzuri za kisiasa, kwa kuweza kuirejesha Libya kutokana na kutengwa kidiplomasia duniani.
Baada ya miongo miwili ya kutengwa katika jamii ya kimataifa, mwaka 2003, Tripoli ilikiri kuwa walifanya shambulio la Lockerbie kwa kuiangamiza kwa mabomu ndege ya Pam Am na hapo Umoja wa Mataifa ukaondoa vikwazo dhidi ya Libya.

Gaddafi mwaka 1969

Baada ya miezi kadhaa, serikali ya Kanali Gaddafi ilisitisha mipango yake ya kuunda silaha za maangamizi na hii ikarejesha ushirikiano na nchi za magharibi.
Hapo ndipo mabadiliko halisi yalionekana kwa kuwa nchi hizo za magharibi zilibadili mtazamo wao na kuacha kumtenga Gaddafi na kushirikiana naye hata kama alikuwa hatabiriki.
Ni mtu wa kipekee katika kauli zake, mienendo yake, tabia zake na mikakati yake, kwa mujibu wa Saas Djebbar mtaalam wa siasa za Libya.
'Lakini ni mwanasiasa mashuhuri; hakuna shaka lolote kuhusu hilo. Ni mwanasiasa anayeweza kuhimili misukosuko ya kisiasa kwa hali ya juu sana.'

Asili ya Mabedui

Muammar Gaddafi alizaliwa jangwani karibu na Sirte mwaka 1942.

Gaddafi katika mkutano Sirte

Alipokuwa kijana alivutiwa na kiongozi mzalendo wa Misri na, Gamal Abdel Nasser, alipokuwa akishiriki katika maandamano dhidi ya Israel wakati wa mtafaruku wa Suez mwaka 1956.
Gaddafi alipanga njama ya kupindua utawala wa kifalme alipokuwa mwanafunzi wa kijeshi na aliwahi kupata mafunzo zaidi akiwa Uingereza kabla ya kurejea nyumbani Libya, mji wa Benghazi, na kupanga mapinduzi ya tarehe 1 Septemba mwaka wa 1969.
Ghaddafi alianza kujenga itikadi zake za kisiasa mwaka 1970 na kuziandika katika kitabu chake cha kijani kibichi.
Alikitumia kitabu chake kuanzisha mfumo wa kisiasa iliyojumuisha kanuni za kiislamu na mfumo uliyo tofauti na siasa za ujamaa au ubepari.
Mwaka1977 aliasisi mfumo ujulikanao kama 'Jamahiriya' au 'Taifa la Umma' ambapo raia ndio wanaoendesha uongozi wa nchi yao kupitia 'kamati za umma'.

Hema ya Gaddafi

Mfumo huo wa Gaddafi umevuka mipaka na hauhusishi mambo ya siasa tu, bali pia mambo mengine.
Akiwa safarini ng'ambo, huwa anakaa kwenye kambi iliyojengwa na hema yake ya kifahari ya Kibeduwi akiwa amefuatana na walinzi wanawake ambao, inasemekana, huwa hawapotezi umakini kazini kama walinzi wanaume.
Hema hiyo pia hutumiwa kuwalaki wageni wa Libya na Kanali Gaddafi huendesha mikutano na mahojiano yake humo humo akipepea usinga au tawi la mitende.

Upekepeke

Benjamin Barber, mtaalam wa kisiasa wa kujitegemea, kutoka Marekani amewahi kukutana na Gaddafi mara kadhaa hivi karibuni na kuzungumza naye kuhusu mustakabali wa Libya.

Gaddafi akiwa na viongozi wengine wa nchi za Uarabuni

Bw Barber alisema kuwa Muammar Gaddafi anajihisi kuwa msomi aliyebobea.
Muammar Gaddafi na Tony Blair waliwahi kuandaa mkutano wa viongozi kutoka nchi mbalimbali tarehe 29 Mei 2007 kwenye hema hiyo ya Kibedui.
'Utashangazwa kuwa ingawaje ni dikteta, ni mwanafalasafa na mwenye kutafakari jambo kabla ya kuzungumza,' aliiambia BBC.
'namchukulia sana kama mtu kutoka kabila la Waberber na mtu ambaye aliibuka kutoka tamaduni za watu wa jangwani, kutoka kwenye mchanga na kwa namna fulani kuna tofauti kubwa na uongozi wa kisasa, na kwa namna fulani hilo limemfanay awe mstahamilivu na mwenye msimamo."
Kanali Gaddafi amejitahidi kwa muda mrefu kutoa ushawishi wake nyumbani na ng'ambo.
Awali alituma jeshi lake nchini Chad ambapo wanajeshi walidhibiti ukanda wa Aozou, kaskazini mwa nchi hiyo, mwaka 1973.
Katika miaka ya 80 aliandaa mafunzo kwa makundi ya waasi kutoka Afrika Magharibi yaliyojumuisha wale wa Tuareg ambao ni Waberber.
Hivi karibuni aliongoza jitihada za kuwapatanisha waasi wa Tuareg kutoka nchi za Niger na Mali.

'Mbwa kichaa'

Jumuiya ya wanadiplomasia kuitenga Libya kulitokana na Kanali Muammar Gaddafi kuunga mkono makundi yeneye silaha, ikiwemo Irish Republican Army na Palestine Liberation Organisation.

Gaddafi akiwa na mwandishi wa habari wa BBC

Rais wa zamani wa Marekani Ronald Reagan alimwita Gaddafi 'mad dog' yaani 'mbwa kichaa' na Marekani ililipiza kisasi dhidi ya Libya kwa madai ya kuhusika na mashambulio ya anga barani Ulaya kwa kuvamia miji ya Tripoli na Benghazi mwaka 1986.
Ilisemekana kuwa Kanali Gaddafi alitikiswa na mashambulio ya mabomu hayo ambapo mtoto wake wa kike wa kufikia aliuawa.
Aliposhindwa katika jitihada zake za kuzipatanisha nchi za Uarabuni katika miaka ya 90, Kanali Gaddafi alielekeza nguvu zake barani Afrika na kupendekeza 'Muungano wa Nchi' za bara la Afrika.

Muuguzi wa Gaddafi

Alianza kuvaa mavazi yake binafsi, sare za michezo zilizo na ngao za bara la Afrika au picha za viongozi kutoka bara hilo.
Wakati wa mabadiliko katika karne ya 20, huku Libya ikiwa inapata tabu kutokana na vikwazo dhidi ya nchi hiyo, alianza kurekebisha hali nchini mwake.
Mwaka wa 2003, mabadiliko yakaanza kuonekana na baada ya miaka mitano mkataba wa kulipa fidia kwa waathirika wa Lockerbire uliafikiwa na hii ikarejesha uhusiano kati ya Washington na Libya.
'Hakutakuwa na vita tena, mashambulio, na vitendo vya ugaidi' Kanali Gaddafi alisema alipokuwa akiiherehekea miaka 39 aliyokaa madarakani.

Changamoto za ndani

Kiongozi huyo wa Libya hujiona kama kiongozi wa kidini wa taifa hilo, akihakikisha kwa kile anachosema ni demokrasia.

Waandamanaji wa hivi karibuni Libya

Lakini katika hali halisi, wakosoaji wanasema Kanali Gaddafi amefanikiwa kudhibiti nchi hiyo.
Wanaompinga wamekandamizwa kikatili na vyombo vya habari vinabaki katika udhibiti mkubwa wa serikali.
Libya ina sheria ambazo haziwaruhusi watu kukusanyika katika misingi ya kisiasa zinazopinga mapinduzi ya Kanali Gaddafi.
Shirika la kutetea haki za binadamu la Human Rights Watch limesema serikali hiyo imewatia mbaroni mamia ya raia kwa kukiuka sheria hiyo na baadhi yao kuhukumiwa kifo.
Imeripotiwa kumekuwa na matukio ya utesaji na hata watu kupotea
Inadhaniwa kuwa Kanali Gaddafi anaandaa namna ya kukabidhi madaraka yake kwasababu ya umri aliyofikia sasa lakini haijulikani ni nani atakayerithi uongozi wa Libya kutoka kwa Gaddafi.

Sayf akiwa na ndugu yake Saad

Kuna hisia kuwa mwanawe Sayf Al-Islam Gaddafi ndiye atarithi uongozi kutoka kwa baba yake na anaongoza katika kuleta mabadiliko.
Ingawaje Sayf ametangaza kuwa anastaafu siasa lakini kuna wanaohisi kuwa hii ni mbinu ya kuongeza ushawishi wake kisiasa.
Wakati huo huo, Gaddafi ameahidi kuwa wizara za nchi hiyo zitafutwa pamoja na bajeti zao
Utajiri utakaopatikana kutokana na mafuta utakabidhiwa moja kwa moja kwa wananchi.
Licha ya uchumi wa Libya kutoa fursa kwa wawekezaji wa nje, mabadiliko bado yanakwenda taratibu.

Waandamanaji wakichana picha ya Gaddafi

Walibya wengi wana wasiwasi juu ya mabadiliko yanayotokea na kuhisi kuwa hawapati manufaa kutoka rasilmali ya Libya, waangalizi wanasema kwani huduma za serikali ni duni pamoja na ubadhirifu mkubwa wa mali.
' Wanajihadhari sana katika mapambano hayo kwa kuwa hawataki mabadiliko yatakayolegeza nguvu za umma,' alisema Saad Djebbar
'Lakini wakati huo huo, Walibya wanafahamu kuwa wanahitaji kufanya mabadilko. Na ndio maana wanaenda taratibu sana.

Mfuasi wa Gaddafi

OKOA MAISHA!!!!!!

OKOA MAISHA.!!!!!!Kwa nini niseme okoa maisha? Maisha ya watu wengi yako mikononi mwako!! Mamia ya wagonjwa mahospitalini wanakulilia wewe ulie na afya njema uwaokoe!!!!!!!
DAMU YAKO INAOKOA MAISHA!!!

Ni kampeni ya kisekali kwa ajili ya khamasisha watu kuchangia damu ili kusaidia wagonjwa wenye kuhitaji msaada wa kuongezewa damu. Kufuatia magonjwa mbalimbali wagonjwa wanahitaji damu ili kuyaokoa maisha yao. Mama wajawazito wanahitaji damu baada ya kuipoteza wakati wa kujifungua!!
Naamini nimeongea kwa kifupi juu ya jambo hili nyeti lakini tunatakiwa kuwa mstari wa mbele kucangia damu hasa kama afya zetu ni njema na vigezo kama uzito na umbri vinaruhusu.
  WAGONJWA WANAHITAJI DAMU YAKO

BENZENE REACTIONS

Slide 7 of 29

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.

After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.

Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

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* Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.

Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1922

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